Pharmacy and Medicine

A large number of-phobia lists circulate on the Internet, with words collected from indiscriminate sources, often copying each other. Also, a number of psychiatric websites exist that at the first glance cover a huge number of phobias, but in fact use a standard text to fit any phobia and reuse it for all unusual phobias by merely changing the name. Sometimes it leads to bizarre results, such as suggestions to cure "prostitute phobia".Such practice is known as content spamming and is used to attract search engines.

Psychological conditions:
In many cases specialists prefer to avoid the suffix -phobia and use more descriptive terms, see, e.g., personality disorders, anxiety disorders, avoidant personality disorder, love-shyness.

* Ablutophobia – fear of bathing, washing, or cleaning.
* Acrophobia, Altophobia – fear of heights.
* Agoraphobia, Agoraphobia Without History of Panic Disorder – fear of places or events where escape is impossible or when help is unavailable.
* Agraphobia – fear of sexual abuse.
* Aichmophobia – fear of sharp or pointed objects (as a needle, knife or a pointing finger).
* Algophobia – fear of pain.
* Agyrophobia – fear of crossing roads.
* Androphobia – fear of men.
* Anthropophobia – fear of people or being in a company, a form of social phobia.
* Anthophobia – fear of flowers.
* Aquaphobia, Hydrophobia – fear of water.
* Astraphobia, Astrapophobia, Brontophobia, Keraunophobia – fear of thunder, lightning and storms; especially common in young children.
* Autophobia – fear of being alone.
* Aviophobia, Aviatophobia – fear of flying.
* Bacillophobia, Bacteriophobia, Microbiophobia – fear of microbes and bacteria.
* Blood-injection-injury type phobia – a DSM-IV subtype of specific phobias
* Catoptrophobia - fear of mirrors or of one's own reflection.
* Cibophobia, Sitophobia – aversion to food, synonymous to Anorexia nervosa.
* Claustrophobia – fear of confined spaces.
* Coulrophobia – fear of clowns (not restricted to evil clowns).
* Decidophobia – fear of making decisions.
* Dental phobia, Dentophobia, Odontophobia – fear of dentists and dental procedures
* Dysmorphophobia, or body dysmorphic disorder – a phobic obsession with a real or imaginary body defect.
* Emetophobia – fear of vomiting.
* Ergasiophobia, Ergophobia – fear of work or functioning, or a surgeon's fear of operating.
* Ergophobia – fear of work or functioning.
* Erotophobia – fear of sexual love or sexual questions.
* Erythrophobia – pathological blushing.
* Gephyrophobia – fear of bridges.
* Genophobia, Coitophobia – fear of sexual intercourse.
* Gerascophobia – fear of growing old or ageing.
* Gerontophobia – fear of growing old, or a hatred or fear of the elderly.
* Glossophobia – fear of speaking in public or of trying to speak.
* Gymnophobia – fear of nudity.
* Gynophobia – fear of women.
* Haptephobia – fear of being touched.
* Heliophobia – fear of sunlight.
* Hemophobia, Haemophobia – fear of blood.
* Hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia – fear of the number 666.
* Hoplophobia – fear of weapons, specifically firearms (Generally a political term but the clinical phobia is also documented).
* Ligyrophobia – fear of loud noises.
* Lipophobia – fear/avoidance of fats in food.
* Mysophobia – fear of germs, contamination or dirt.
* Necrophobia – fear of death, the dead.
* Neophobia, Cainophobia, Cainotophobia, Cenophobia, Centophobia, Kainolophobia, Kainophobia – fear of newness, novelty.
* Nomophobia – fear of being out of mobile phone contact.
* Nosophobia – fear of contracting a disease.
* Nyctophobia, Achluophobia, Lygophobia, Scotophobia – fear of darkness.
* Osmophobia, Olfactophobia – fear of smells.
* Paraskavedekatriaphobia, Paraskevidekatriaphobia, Friggatriskaidekaphobia – fear of Friday the 13th.
* Panphobia – fear of everything or constantly afraid without knowing what is causing it.
* Pedophobia - fear/dislike of children
* Phasmophobia - fear of ghosts, spectres or phantasms.
* Phagophobia – fear of swallowing.
* Phobophobia – fear of having a phobia.
* Phonophobia – fear of loud sounds.
* Photophobia - fear of bright lights.
* Pyrophobia – fear of fire.
* Radiophobia – fear of radioactivity or X-rays.
* Sociophobia – fear of people or social situations
* Scopophobia – fear of being looked at or stared at.
* Somniphobia – fear of sleep.
* Spectrophobia – fear of mirrors and one's own reflections.
* Taphophobia – fear of the grave, or fear of being placed in a grave while still alive.
* Technophobia – fear of technology (see also Luddite).
* Tetraphobia – fear of the number 4.
* Tokophobia – fear of childbirth.
* Tomophobia – fear or anxiety of surgeries/surgical operations.
* Traumatophobia – a synonym for injury phobia, a fear of having an injury
* Triskaidekaphobia, Terdekaphobia – fear of the number 13.
* Trypanophobia, Belonephobia, Enetophobia – fear of needles or injections.
* Workplace phobia – fear of the work place.
* Xenophobia – fear of strangers, foreigners, or aliens.

Animal phobias:

* Ailurophobia – fear/dislike of cats
* Animal phobia - fear of certain animals, a category of specific phobias
* Apiphobia – fear/dislike of bees (also known as Melissophobia)
* Arachnophobia – fear/dislike of spiders
* Bufonophobia - fear/dislike of toads
* Cetaphobia - fear/dislike of whales
* Chiroptophobia – fear/dislike of bats
* Cynophobia – fear/dislike of dogs
* Entomophobia – fear/dislike of insects
* Equinophobia – fear/dislike of horses (also known as Hippophobia)
* Herpetophobia - fear/dislike of reptiles
* Ichthyophobia – fear/dislike of fish
* Leporiphobia - fear/dislike of rabbits
* Musophobia – fear/dislike of mice and/or rat
* Ophidiophobia – fear/dislike of snakes
* Ornithophobia – fear/dislike of birds
* Scoleciphobia – fear of worms
* Selachophobia - fear/dislike of sharks
* Taurophobia - fear/dislike of bulls
* Zoophobia – a generic term for animal phobias

Non-psychological conditions:

The following medical conditions have nothing to do with irrational fears. However, each usually has a psychological disorder of the same name which is an irrational fear. The behavior of an individual with the medical condition can be similar to the behavior of an individual with the psychological disorder of the same name (e.g., for both usages of Photophobia the person avoids light). The difference in usage is that for the medical term there is an underlying physiological condition that results in the behavior. For example, with medical Photophobia the hypersensitivity to light is sufficient such that at some light levels the person experiences pain which they avoid by seeking darkness. Removing the physiological cause of the hypersensitivity to light results in the person no longer avoiding light. With psychological Photophobia the person fears the light even though there is no current physiological pain caused by light.

* Hydrophobia – fear of water (a symptom of rabies).
* Photophobia – hypersensitivity to light causing aversion to light (a symptom of Meningitis and a common condition of migrane headaches).
* Phonophobia – hypersensitivity to sound causing aversion to sounds. Common during an alcohol hangover or migrane and in those with sensory disorders.
* Osmophobia – hypersensitivity to smells causing aversion to odors. Common during pregnancy.

Biology, chemistry:

Biologists use a number of -phobia/-phobic terms to describe predispositions by plants and animals against certain conditions. For antonyms, see here.

* Acidophobia/Acidophobic – preference for non-acidic conditions.
* Heliophobia/Heliophobic – aversion to sunlight.
* Hydrophobia/Hydrophobic – a property of being repelled by water.
* Lipophobicity – a property of fat rejection
* Ombrophobia – avoidance of rain
* Photophobia/Photophobic – a negative phototaxis or phototropism response.
* Superhydrophobe – the property given to materials that are extremely difficult to get wet.
* Thermophobia/Thermophobic – aversion to heat.
* Xerophobia/Xerophobic – aversion to dryness.

Prejudices and discrimination:
The suffix -phobia is used to coin terms that denote a particular anti-ethnic or anti-demographic sentiment, such as Europhobia, Francophobia, Hispanophobia, and Indophobia. Often a synonym with the prefix "anti-" already exists (e.g., Polonophobia vs. anti-Polonism). Anti-religious sentiments are expressed in terms such as Christianophobia and Islamophobia.

Other prejudices include:
* Biphobia – dislike of bisexuals
* Chemophobia – prejudice against artificial substances in favour of 'natural' substances.
* Ephebiphobia – fear/dislike of youth.
* Gerontophobia, Gerascophobia – fear of growing old or a hatred of the elderly.
* Heterophobia – fear/dislike of heterosexuals.
* Homophobia – aversion to homosexuality or fear of homosexuals. (This word has become a common political term, and many people interpret it as a slur.)
* Hoplophobia – aversion to firearms or firearms owners. This word has also gained a certain political notoriety as a dysphemism for "gun control advocate"
* Judeophobia – fear/dislike of Jews
* Lesbophobia – fear/dislike of lesbian women
* Pedophobia, Pediophobia – fear/dislike of children
* Psychophobia – fear/dislike of mentally ill
* Transphobia – fear or dislike of transgender or transsexual people.
* Xenophobia – fear or dislike of foreigners

Miscellaneous:
* Arachnophobia – "fear/dislike of spiders," a film
* Chromophobia – "hatred/fear of colors," a film
* Choreophobia – hatred of dance, a book by Anthony Shay about Iranian dance and its prohibition after the Iranian Revolution
* Entomophobia – a genus of orchids. The word means "fear of insects"
* Philophobia, an album by Arab Strap
* Robophobia – a novel by Richard Evans

Varieties:

Existential anxiety:
Example: Angst, Existential crisis, and nihilism

Philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, in The Concept of Dread, described anxiety or dread associated with the "dizziness of freedom" and suggested the possibility for positive resolution of anxiety through the self-conscious exercise of responsibility and choosing.
Theologian Paul Tillich characterized existential anxiety as "the state in which a being is aware of its possible nonbeing" and he listed three categories for the nonbeing and resulting anxiety: ontic (fate and death), moral (guilt and condemnation), and spiritual (emptiness and meaninglessness). According to Tillich, the last of these three types of existential anxiety is predominant in modern times while the others were predominant in earlier periods. Tillich argues that this anxiety can be accepted as part of the human condition or it can be resisted but with negative consequences. In its pathological form, spiritual anxiety may tend to "drive the person toward the creation of certitude in systems of meaning which are supported by tradition and authority" even though such "undoubted certitude is not built on the rock of reality".
According to Viktor Frankl, author of Man's Search for Meaning, when faced with extreme mortal dangers the most basic of all human wishes is to find a meaning of life to combat the "trauma of nonbeing" as death is near.

Test anxiety:
Test anxiety is the uneasiness, apprehension, or nervousness felt by students who have a fear of failing an exam. Students suffering from test anxiety may experience any of the following: the association of grades with personal worth, fear of embarrassment by a teacher, fear of alienation from parents or friends, time pressures, or feeling a loss of control. Emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physical components can all be present in test anxiety. Sweating, dizziness, headaches, racing heartbeats, nausea, fidgeting, and drumming on a desk are all common. An optimal level of arousal is necessary to best complete a task such as an exam; however, when the anxiety or level of arousal exceeds that optimum, it results in a decline in performance. Because test anxiety hinges on fear of negative evaluation, debate exists as to whether test anxiety is itself a unique anxiety disorder or whether it is a specific type of social phobia. In 2006, approximately 49%(need reference) of high school students were reportedly experiencing this condition. While the term "test anxiety" refers specifically to students, many adults share the same experience with regard to their career or profession. The fear of failing a task and being negatively evaluated for it can have a similarly negative effect on the adult.

Stranger and social anxiety:
Anxiety when meeting or interacting with unknown people is a common stage of development in young people. For others, it may persist into adulthood and become social anxiety or social phobia. "Stranger anxiety" in small children is not a phobia. Rather it is a developmentally appropriate fear by toddlers and preschool children of those who are not parents or family members. In adults, an excessive fear of other people is not a developmentally common stage; it is called social anxiety.
Trait anxiety:
Anxiety can be either a short term "state" or a long term "trait." Trait anxiety reflects a stable tendency to respond with state anxiety in the anticipation of threatening situations.It is closely related to the personality trait of neuroticism.

Anxiety in Positive psychology:
Anxiety in terms of challenge level and skill level.
In positive psychology, anxiety is described as a response to a difficult challenge for which the subject has low coping skills.

Anxiety is a psychological and physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components. These components combine to create an unpleasant feeling that is typically associated with uneasiness, fear, or worry.
Definition:
1. Anxiety is a generalized mood condition that occurs without an identifiable triggering stimulus. As such, it is distinguished from fear, which occurs in the presence of an observed threat. Additionally, fear is related to the specific behaviors of escape and avoidance, whereas anxiety is the result of threats that are perceived to be uncontrollable or unavoidable.
2. Another view is that anxiety is "a future-oriented mood state in which one is ready or prepared to attempt to cope with upcoming negative events suggesting that it is a distinction between future vs. present dangers that divides anxiety and fear.
3. Anxiety is considered to be a normal reaction to stress. It may help a person to deal with a difficult situation, for example at work or at school, by prompting one to cope with it. When anxiety becomes excessive, it may fall under the classification of an anxiety disorder.
Symptoms:
Anxiety can be accompanied by physical effects such as heart palpitations, fatigue, nausea, chest pain, shortness of breath, stomach aches, or headaches. Physically, the body prepares the organism to deal with a threat. Blood pressure and heart rate are increased, sweating is increased, bloodflow to the major muscle groups is increased, and immune and digestive system functions are inhibited (the fight or flight response). External signs of anxiety may include pale skin, sweating, trembling, and pupillary dilation. Someone suffering from anxiety might also experience it as a sense of dread or panic.
Although panic attacks are not experienced by every anxiety sufferer, they are a common symptom. Panic attacks usually come without warning, and although the fear is generally irrational, the perception of danger is very real. A person experiencing a panic attack will often feel as if he or she is about to die or pass out. Panic attacks may be confused with heart attacks.
Anxiety does not only consist of physical symptoms. There are many emotional symptoms involved as well. Some of them include: "Feelings of apprehension or dread, trouble concentrating, feeling tense or jumpy, anticipating the worst, irritability, restlessness, watching (and waiting) for signs (and occurrences) or danger, and, feeling like your mind's gone blank.There's also, "nightmares/bad dreams, obsessions about sensations, deja vu, a trapped in your mind feeling, and feeling like everything is scary.
One of the most common symptoms of anxiety is fear, which includes the fear of dying. "You may...fear that the chest pains [a physical symptom of anxiety] are a deadly heart attack or that the shooting pains in your head [another physical symptom of anxiety] are the result of a tumor or aneurysm. You feel an intense fear when you think of dying, or you may think of it more often than normal, or can’t get it out of your mind.
Biological basis:
Neural circuitry involving the amygdala and hippocampus is thought to underlie anxiety[8]. When confronted with unpleasant and potentially harmful stimuli such as foul odors or tastes, PET-scans show increased bloodflow in the amygdala.[9][10] In these studies, the participants also reported moderate anxiety. This might indicate that anxiety is a protective mechanism designed to prevent the organism from engaging in potentially harmful behaviors.
Although single genes have little effect on complex traits and interact heavily both between themselves and with the external factors, research is underway to unravel possible molecular mechanisms underlying anxiety and comorbid conditions.
Clinical Scales:
The HAM-A (Hamilton Anxiety Scale) is a widely used interview scale that measures the severity of a patient's anxiety, based on 14 parameters, including anxious mood, tension, fears, insomnia, somatic complaints and behavior at the interview. Developed by M. Hamilton in 1959, the scale predates the current definition of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). However, it covers many of the features of GAD and can be helpful in assessing its severity.

Inside the abdomen is a membrane called the peritoneum, which has two layers. One layer lines the abdominal wall and the other layer covers the organs inside the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum produces a fluid that acts as a lubricant and allows the abdominal organs to glide smoothly over one another. Sometimes too much of this fluid can build up between the two layers and this is called ascites.It is one of the symptom of the dangerous Cancer.
Causes of ascites:
Ascites can be a symptom of many types of cancer. The types of cancer that are more likely to cause ascites are cancer of the breast, lung, large bowel (colon), stomach, pancreas, ovary and the lining of the womb (endometrium).
There may be several reasons for the build-up of ascites:
* If cancer cells have spread to the lining of the abdomen, they can irritate it and cause fluid to build up.
* If the liver is affected by cancer cells, this may block the circulation of blood through the liver, which can lead to a build-up of fluid in the abdomen.
* If the liver is damaged, it may produce less blood protein. This may upset the body's fluid balance, which causes fluid to build up in the body tissues, including the abdomen.
* Cancer cells can block the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is a network of fine channels which runs throughout the body. One of its functions is to drain off excess fluid, which is eventually got rid of in the urine. If some of these lymphatic channels are blocked, the system cannot drain efficiently and fluid can build up.
Symptoms:
The symptoms of ascites can be very distressing. The abdomen becomes very swollen and distended, which can be uncomfortable or painful. It can also cause difficulty in getting comfortable, sitting up or walking. It can make you feel very tired (lethargic) and breathless. It may cause feelings of sickness (nausea) or make throw up (vomiting). You may also suffer indigestion and a reduced appetite.
Ascitic drainage:
In order to relieve symptoms, the treatment of ascites involves slowing the build-up of the fluid and putting a tube into the abdomen to drain it (known as paracentesis).
The ascitic tube (drain) is usually inserted by a doctor and the procedure can be done in the ward or in the outpatients clinic. Sometimes the drain is put in while you are having an ultrasound scan which helps guide the doctor where to position the drain.
Once you're lying down comfortably the skin in the area where the drain is to be inserted is cleaned. The doctor will then give you an injection of local anaesthetic to numb the area and prevent the procedure from being painful.

The doctor makes a very small cut in the skin of the abdomen and inserts a thin tube called a cannula. The cannula is attached to a tube and drainage bag. The ascitic fluid drains out of the abdomen and collects inside the drainage bag. The cannula may be held in place with a couple of stitches and covered with a dressing.
The length of time that the drainage tube needs to stay in place depends on the amount of fluid that needs to be drained off. Sometimes a small amount of fluid can be drained in the outpatients clinic. If there is a large amount of fluid however, the procedure may need to be carried out in hospital under the supervision of the doctors and nurses, and the drain may stay in place for a period of 2–3 days.
It is possible for the ascites to build up again and drainage may need to be carried out more than once.
Possible problems with ascitic drainage:
Usually the fluid will be drained off slowly, as a sudden release of pressure in the abdomen can cause a drop in blood pressure. A litre of fluid may be drained safely as soon as the drain has been inserted. After this, the drainage will usually be done more slowly. Your blood pressure will be checked during the procedure.
The ascitic drain can become blocked. This can sometimes be cleared by changing your position or sitting upright. Occasionally the tube may need to be replaced.
The drain can sometimes become infected and you will have your temperature taken regularly as a high temperature can be a sign of infection.
When the drain has been removed there may be a leakage of fluid from the drain site, until the hole heals. The hole will be stitched together and the site will need to be covered with a dressing or drainage bag until the leakage has stopped. Usually the stitches are taken out after about a week.
Other methods of dealing with ascites:
The doctors may prescribe a water tablet (diuretic) called spironolactone (Aldactone®). This can make you want to pass more urine than normal but will slow the build-up of the ascitic fluid.
A peritoneo-venous shunt (sometimes called a LeVeen shunt) may be considered. A shunt is a plastic or silicone rubber tube that is placed into the peritoneal cavity and drains the ascitic fluid directly into a large vein. This is a more complicated procedure and usually needs to be done under a general anaesthetic. You will also need intensive monitoring for the first 24–48 hours, in a high dependency unit at the hospital, in order to check that the shunt is working properly. The shunt stays in permanently.

Antifungals work by exploiting differences between mammalian and fungal cells to kill the fungal organism without dangerous effects on the host. Unlike bacteria, both fungi and humans are eukaryotes. Thus fungal and human cells are similar at the molecular level. This makes it more difficult to find or design drugs that target fungi without affecting human cells. Consequently, many antifungal drugs cause side-effects. Some of these side-effects can be life-threatening if the drugs are not used properly.

A polyene is a molecule with multiple conjugated double bonds. A polyene antifungal is a macrocyclic polyene with a heavily hydroxylated region on the ring opposite the conjugated system. This makes polyene antifungals amphiphilic. The polyene antimycotics bind with sterols in the fungal cell membrane, principally ergosterol. This changes the transition temperature (Tg) of the cell membrane, thereby placing the membrane in a less fluid, more crystalline state. As a result, the cell's contents leak and the cell dies. Animal cells contain cholesterol instead of ergosterol and so they are much less susceptible. As a polyene's hydrophobic chain is shortened, its sterol binding activity is increased. Therefore, further reduction of the hydrophobic chain may result in it binding to cholesterol, making it toxic to animals.

§ Natamycin – 33 Carbons, binds well to ergosterol

§ Rimocidin

§ Filipin – 35 Carbons, binds to cholesterol (toxic)

§ Nystatin

§ Amphotericin B

§ Candicin

Imidazole, triazole, and thiazole antifungals

The imidazole and triazole drugs are synthetic antifungal drugs that inhibit the enzyme cytochrome P450 14α-demethylase. This enzyme converts lanosterol to ergosterol, and is required in fungal cell membrane synthesis. These drugs also block steroid synthesis in humans.

Imidazoles

§ Miconazole – miconazole nitrate

§ Ketoconazole

§ Clotrimazole – marketed as Lotrimin or Lotrimin AF (and Canesten in the UK)

§ Econazole

§ Bifonazole

§ Butoconazole

§ Fenticonazole

§ Isoconazole

§ Oxiconazole

§ Sertaconazole – marketed as Ertaczo in North America

§ Sulconazole

§ Tioconazole

The triazoles are newer, less toxic^{[citation needed]} and more effective^{[citation needed]}:

Triazoles

§ Fluconazole

§ Itraconazole

§ Isavuconazole

§ Ravuconazole

§ Posaconazole

§ Voriconazole

§ Terconazole

Thiazoles

§ Abafungin

Allylamines

Allylamines inhibit squalene epoxidase, another enzyme required for ergosterol synthesis:

§ Terbinafine – marketed as "Lamisil" in North America, Australia, the UK, Germany and the Netherlands

§ Amorolfine

§ Naftifine – marketed as "Naftin" in North America

§ Butenafine – marketed as Lotrimin Ultra

Echinocandins

Echinocandins inhibit the synthesis of glucan in the cell wall, probably via the enzyme 1,3-β glucan synthase:

§ Anidulafungin

§ Caspofungin

§ Micafungin

Others

§ Benzoic acid – has antifugal properties but must be combined with a keratolytic agent such as in Whitfield's Ointment

§ Ciclopirox – (ciclopirox olamine), most useful against Tinea versicolour

§ Tolnaftate – marketed as Tinactin, Desenex, Aftate, or other names

§ Undecylenic acid – an unsaturated fatty acid derived from natural castor oil; fungistatic as well as anti-bacterial and anti-viral

§ Flucytosine or 5-fluorocytosine – an antimetabolite

§ Griseofulvin – binds to polymerized microtubules and inhibits fungal mitosis

§ Haloprogin – discontinued due to the emergence of more modern antifungals with fewer side effects

§ Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)

Alternatives

§ Allicin – created from crushing garlic

§ Tea tree oil – ISO 4730 ("Oil of Melaleuca, Terpinen-4-ol type")

§ Citronella oil

§ Iodine – Lugols Solution

§ lemon grass

§ olive leaf

§ orange oil

§ palmarosa oil

§ patchouli

§ lemon myrtle

§ Neem Seed Oil

§ Coconut Oil – medium chain triglycerides in the oil have antifungal activities

§ Zinc – in dietary supplements or natural food sources, including pumpkin seeds and chick peas

§ Selenium – in dietary supplements or natural food sources, particularly Brazil nuts

Antifungal drugs (such as ketoconazole) are often found in anti-dandruff shampoos. The antifungal drugs inhibit the yeast Malassezia globosa which encourages seborrhoeic dermatitis and tinea versicolor.

Active ingredient	Example of product	Comments
Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)	Arm & Hammer
Ketoconazole[8]	Nizoral, or Fungoral	There is a claim that Nizoral shampoo has hair loss benefits but Nizoral Shampoo does not have FDA approval as a hair loss remedy
Ciclopirox olamine	Loprox	Has similar efficacy to ketoconazole with a relative increase in subjective symptom relief due to its inherent anti-inflammatory properties
Piroctone olamine(Octopirox)	Nivea Complete Control	A replacement for the commonly used compound zinc pyrithione.
Zinc pyrithione	Head & Shoulders, Johnson and Johnson ZP-11, Clinic All Clear, Pantene Pro V, Sikkai Powder	An antifungal and antibacterial agent first reported in the 1930s.
Selenium sulfide	Selsun Blue, Vichy Dercos Anti-Dandruff shampoo, other varieties of Head & Shoulders	In the United States, 1% strength is available over-the-counter, and a 2.5% strength is also available with aprescription.
Tar	Neutrogena T/Gel
Tea tree oil