Pharmacy and Medicine

Atherosclerosis (also known as Arteriosclerotic Vascular Disease or ASVD) is the condition in which an artery wall thickens as the result of a build-up of fatty materials such as cholesterol. It is a syndrome affecting arterial blood vessels, a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries, in large part due to the accumulation of macrophage white blood cells and promoted by low density (especially small particle) lipoproteins (plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides) without adequate removal of fats and cholesterol from the macrophages by functional high density lipoproteins (HDL), (see apoA-1 Milano). It is commonly referred to as a hardening or furring of the arteries. It is caused by the formation of multiple plaques within the arteries.

The atheromatous plaque is divided into three distinct components:

1. The atheroma ("lump of wax", from Athera, wax in Greek,), which is the nodular accumulation of a soft, flaky, yellowish material at the center of large plaques, composed of macrophages nearest the lumen of the artery
2. Underlying areas of cholesterol crystals
3. Calcification at the outer base of older/more advanced lesions.

The following terms are similar, yet distinct, in both spelling and meaning, and can be easily confused: arteriosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis is a general term describing any hardening (and loss of elasticity) of medium or large arteries (from the Greek Arterio, meaning artery, and sclerosis, meaning hardening); arteriolosclerosis is any hardening (and loss of elasticity) of arterioles (small arteries); atherosclerosis is a hardening of an artery specifically due to an atheromatous plaque. Therefore, atherosclerosis is a form of arteriosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis, though typically asymptomatic for decades, eventually produces two main problems: First, the atheromatous plaques, though long compensated for by artery enlargement (see IMT), eventually lead to plaque ruptures and clots inside the artery lumen over the ruptures. The clots heal and usually shrink but leave behind stenosis (narrowing) of the artery (both locally and in smaller downstream branches), or worse, complete closure, and, therefore, an insufficient blood supply to the tissues and organ it feeds. Second, if the compensating artery enlargement process is excessive, then a net aneurysm results.

These complications of advanced atherosclerosis are chronic, slowly progressive and cumulative. Most commonly, soft plaque suddenly ruptures (see vulnerable plaque), causing the formation of a thrombus that will rapidly slow or stop blood flow, leading to death of the tissues fed by the artery in approximately 5 minutes. This catastrophic event is called an infarction. One of the most common recognized scenarios is called coronary thrombosis of a coronary artery, causing myocardial infarction (a heart attack). Even worse is the same process in an artery to the brain, commonly called stroke. Another common scenario in very advanced disease is claudication from insufficient blood supply to the legs, typically due to a combination of both stenosis and aneurysmal segments narrowed with clots. Since atherosclerosis is a body-wide process, similar events occur also in the arteries to the brain, intestines, kidneys, legs, etc.

Yet, many infarctions involve only very small amounts of tissue and are termed clinically silent, because the person having the infarction does not notice the problem, does not seek medical help or when they do, physicians do not recognize what has happened.

Statin is generally used.

Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is severe chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) of the heart muscle, generally due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries (the heart's blood vessels). Coronary artery disease, the main cause of angina, is due to atherosclerosis of the cardiac arteries. The term derives from the Latin angina ("infection of the throat") from the Greek ?????? ankhone ("strangling"), and the Latin pectus ("chest"), and can therefore be translated as "a strangling feeling in the chest".

It is not common to equate severity of angina with risk of fatal cardiac events. There is a weak relationship between severity of pain and degree of oxygen deprivation in the heart muscle (i.e., there can be severe pain with little or no risk of a heart attack, and a heart attack can occur without pain).

Worsening ("crescendo") angina attacks, sudden-onset angina at rest, and angina lasting more than 15 minutes are symptoms of unstable angina (usually grouped with similar conditions as the acute coronary syndrome). As these may herald myocardial infarction (a heart attack), they require urgent medical attention and are generally treated as a presumed heart attack.

* Beta-Blockers- Carvediol, Propranolol
* Short Acting Nitroglycerin for symptomatic relief
* Calcium Channel Blockers- Nifedipin
* Vasodialators- Nicorandil, Isosorbide mononitrite
* Statin- Most Friquently Used
* Low Dose Aspirin For Relief Of the Heart Attack in Angina Pectoris.

The government has warned people in the country are rapidly lethal legs Pasar Influenja A-H1N1 Swain flu the only effective drug used Temiflu not without medical advice and medication if it'd always get a full meal. Dose or stop in the middle half of the drug could be dangerous to health.

Health Research Department, Secretary and Director General of ICMR, said Dr. Katoch fatal Influenja e-H1N1, the only effective medication without medical advice not to use Temiflu and if it is to take medication always take a full meal. Dose or stop in the middle half of the drug could be harmful for health. He said that the patients taking this medicine to take care is absolutely necessary.

Dr. Katoch said that without the unnecessary use of medical advice Temiflu H1N1 of the virus resistant capacity is increased and consistent use to live like this on patients likely to reduce the effect of the drug increases. He said symptoms of the disease showed Swain flu patients should see a doctor soon and give advice should take this medicine. Asked whether the Government has taken concrete steps to prevent misuse of Temiflu are, said Dr. Katoch are not misusing any of Temiflu and needy patients are easily found, to ensure it the Government of the drug sales is directed to the same class of drug substances containing medicines (Schedule 10) are sold.

Pharmacists to sell drugs when such consultation, counseling and the doctor's name to whom it is being sold, the person must enter the name. Dr Katoch said that as people in India often take drugs without doctor's advice.

According to World Health Organization is expected to be available until the mid-October. In India in March next year is expected to indigenous vaccine. The time available for treatment of flu Swain Temiflu is the only medicine.